8.10: End of Chapter Key Terms
- Page ID
- 96545
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Energy in Physics and Chemistry Key Terms
- Energy: The capacity to do work or produce heat; exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, and nuclear.
- Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion; calculated as 12mv2\frac{1}{2}mv^221mv2 where mmm is mass and vvv is velocity.
- Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, such as gravitational potential energy or elastic potential energy.
- Thermal Energy: The total kinetic energy of particles in a substance; often associated with temperature.
- Chemical Energy: The potential energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms and molecules.
- Nuclear Energy: The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom; released during nuclear fission or fusion.
- Law of Conservation of Energy: A principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
- Work: The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance; calculated as W=FdcosθW = Fd \cos \thetaW=Fdcosθ where FFF is force, ddd is distance, and θ\thetaθ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors.
- Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred; measured in watts (W).
- Heat: The transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures.
- Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
- Specific Heat Capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
- Calorimetry: The measurement of the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
- Enthalpy (H): The total heat content of a system; changes in enthalpy (ΔH\Delta HΔH) are used to describe heat changes at constant pressure.
- Entropy (S): A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system; systems tend to move towards higher entropy.
- Free Energy (G): The energy in a system that can be used to do work; changes in free energy (ΔG\Delta GΔG) predict the spontaneity of a process.
- Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature.
- Exothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings, resulting in an increase in temperature.
- Activation Energy: The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
- Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process by lowering the activation energy.
- Bond Energy: The amount of energy required to break one mole of bonds in a substance.
- First Law of Thermodynamics: The principle of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems, stating that the total energy of an isolated system is constant.
- Second Law of Thermodynamics: States that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time; systems naturally progress towards thermodynamic equilibrium, the state of maximum entropy.
- Third Law of Thermodynamics: States that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
- Gibbs Free Energy: A thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy available to do work; ΔG=ΔH−TΔS\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta SΔG=ΔH−TΔS.
- Chemical Equilibrium: A state in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentration of reactants and products.
- Electrochemical Cell: A device that generates electrical energy from chemical reactions or facilitates chemical reactions through the introduction of electrical energy.
- Redox Reaction: A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons from one substance to another, comprising oxidation and reduction processes.
- Oxidation: The loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.
- Reduction: The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.
- Fuel Cell: A device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.
- Photovoltaic Cell: A device that converts light energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect.
- Battery: A device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy.
- Heat Engine: A device that converts thermal energy into mechanical work.
- Carnot Cycle: A theoretical cycle that represents the most efficient sequence of processes possible for a heat engine.
- Thermochemistry: The study of the heat energy associated with chemical reactions and changes of state.