4.13: End of Chapter Key Terms
- Page ID
- 96541
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Phases and Classification of Matter Key Terms
- Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
- Element: A pure substance that consists of only one type of atom, defined by its number of protons.
- Compound: A substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio.
- Mixture: A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its individual chemical properties.
- Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, also known as a solution.
- Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture that does not have a uniform composition throughout, with distinct phases or parts.
- Pure Substance: A material with a constant composition and distinct chemical properties, such as elements and compounds.
- Phase: A distinct form of matter with uniform physical and chemical properties, such as solid, liquid, or gas.
- Solid: A state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume, with particles closely packed in a fixed arrangement.
- Liquid: A state of matter characterized by a definite volume but no definite shape, with particles close together but able to move past one another.
- Gas: A state of matter characterized by no definite shape or volume, with particles far apart and moving freely.
- Plasma: A high-energy state of matter where atoms are ionized, found in stars and fluorescent lights.
- Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC): A state of matter formed at temperatures close to absolute zero, where particles occupy the same space and quantum state.
- Phase Transition: The transformation of matter from one phase to another, such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensing.
- Melting: The process of changing from a solid to a liquid by adding heat.
- Freezing: The process of changing from a liquid to a solid by removing heat.
- Vaporization: The process of changing from a liquid to a gas, including both evaporation and boiling.
- Condensation: The process of changing from a gas to a liquid by removing heat.
- Sublimation: The process of changing from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
- Deposition: The process of changing from a gas directly to a solid without passing through the liquid phase.
- Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas throughout the liquid, occurring at a specific temperature and pressure.
- Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.
- Freezing Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.
- Critical Point: The temperature and pressure at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance become indistinguishable.
- Triple Point: The temperature and pressure at which all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) of a substance coexist in equilibrium.
- Phase Diagram: A graph showing the conditions of temperature and pressure under which a substance exists in different phases.
- Viscosity: A measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.
- Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume, often measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).
- Pressure: The force exerted per unit area, often measured in pascals (Pa) or atmospheres (atm).
- Intermolecular Forces: Forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules, affecting the physical properties of substances.
- Van der Waals Forces: Weak intermolecular forces, including dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions.
- Hydrogen Bonding: A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine).
- Ionic Solid: A solid consisting of ions held together by electrostatic forces (ionic bonds), typically with high melting points and electrical conductivity when molten.
- Molecular Solid: A solid consisting of molecules held together by intermolecular forces, typically with lower melting points.
- Metallic Solid: A solid consisting of metal atoms held together by a "sea" of shared electrons, characterized by electrical conductivity and malleability.
- Covalent Network Solid: A solid consisting of atoms held together in large networks or chains by covalent bonds, typically with very high melting points.
- Amorphous Solid: A solid in which atoms or molecules are not arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.
- Crystalline Solid: A solid in which atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.
- Alloy: A mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element, designed to have specific properties.
- Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
- Solvent: The substance in which the solute is dissolved to form a solution.
- Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.