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4.13: End of Chapter Key Terms

Last updated

Aug 19, 2024
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- 4.12: End of Chapter Activity
- 5: Density Mole and Molarity

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Phases and Classification of Matter Key Terms

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Element: A pure substance that consists of only one type of atom, defined by its number of protons.
Compound: A substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio.
Mixture: A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its individual chemical properties.
Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, also known as a solution.
Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture that does not have a uniform composition throughout, with distinct phases or parts.
Pure Substance: A material with a constant composition and distinct chemical properties, such as elements and compounds.
Phase: A distinct form of matter with uniform physical and chemical properties, such as solid, liquid, or gas.
Solid: A state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume, with particles closely packed in a fixed arrangement.
Liquid: A state of matter characterized by a definite volume but no definite shape, with particles close together but able to move past one another.
Gas: A state of matter characterized by no definite shape or volume, with particles far apart and moving freely.
Plasma: A high-energy state of matter where atoms are ionized, found in stars and fluorescent lights.
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC): A state of matter formed at temperatures close to absolute zero, where particles occupy the same space and quantum state.
Phase Transition: The transformation of matter from one phase to another, such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensing.
Melting: The process of changing from a solid to a liquid by adding heat.
Freezing: The process of changing from a liquid to a solid by removing heat.
Vaporization: The process of changing from a liquid to a gas, including both evaporation and boiling.
Condensation: The process of changing from a gas to a liquid by removing heat.
Sublimation: The process of changing from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
Deposition: The process of changing from a gas directly to a solid without passing through the liquid phase.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas throughout the liquid, occurring at a specific temperature and pressure.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.
Freezing Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.
Critical Point: The temperature and pressure at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance become indistinguishable.
Triple Point: The temperature and pressure at which all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) of a substance coexist in equilibrium.
Phase Diagram: A graph showing the conditions of temperature and pressure under which a substance exists in different phases.
Viscosity: A measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.
Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume, often measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).
Pressure: The force exerted per unit area, often measured in pascals (Pa) or atmospheres (atm).
Intermolecular Forces: Forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules, affecting the physical properties of substances.
Van der Waals Forces: Weak intermolecular forces, including dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions.
Hydrogen Bonding: A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine).
Ionic Solid: A solid consisting of ions held together by electrostatic forces (ionic bonds), typically with high melting points and electrical conductivity when molten.
Molecular Solid: A solid consisting of molecules held together by intermolecular forces, typically with lower melting points.
Metallic Solid: A solid consisting of metal atoms held together by a "sea" of shared electrons, characterized by electrical conductivity and malleability.
Covalent Network Solid: A solid consisting of atoms held together in large networks or chains by covalent bonds, typically with very high melting points.
Amorphous Solid: A solid in which atoms or molecules are not arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.
Crystalline Solid: A solid in which atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.
Alloy: A mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element, designed to have specific properties.
Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solvent: The substance in which the solute is dissolved to form a solution.
Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Phases and Classification of Matter Key Terms

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